Finland

Finland’s role in great-power politics has been shaped by its sensitive geographic position and broader shifts in the international system. Despite operating under significant external constraints, Finnish leaders have often managed to steer the country’s course with flexibility and prudence. This chapter examines Finland’s experience in great-power competition, particularly from the Cold War to the present. It traces the shift from a policy of engagement with the Soviet Union/Russia to deeper integration with the West, culminating in NATO membership in 2023. While Russia has maintained a steady strategic interest in Finland, other great powers have been more intermittently involved in Northern Europe. Finnish foreign policy has focused on preserving space for independent action, mediating between rival powers, and contributing actively to international institutions. Today, Finland’s role is shaped by credible defense capabilities, close relationship with the United States, and strong participation in European and transatlantic security arrangements—despite persistent uncertainty in European security.